siRNA/in vivo-jetPEI complexes in 10 µL was delivered to the lumbar region of the spinal cord via the intrathecal injection catheters. Injections were given daily for 3 consecutive days from day 4-6 after carcinoma cell inoculation.

Our previous research suggested that the P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) expression in microglia was involved in the activation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) in the dorsal horn in the rat model of cancer induced bone pain (CIBP). In this study, we focused on whether TLR4- mitogen-activated protein kinases, p38 (p38 MAPK) contributes to P2X4R activation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) over-secretion in CIBP. In in vitro experiment, the results showed that BDNF expression evoked by ATP stimulation was dependent on TLR4-p38. In in vivo experiment, the results demonstrated that an intrathecal injection of TLR4 siRNA alleviated nociception induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus ATP or CIBP with decreased expression of P2X4R, TLR4, BDNF, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and phosphorylated-p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK). Moreover, injection with p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 resulted in an identical pattern compared with treatment with TLR4 siRNA. Our results demonstrate that the activation of TLR4-p38MAPK-P2X4R signaling in microglial possibility plays an important role in the process of nociceptive transmission in CIBP, suggesting new mechanism and potential therapeutic targets for CIBP.